Ending the Epidemics

SDG 3 · Good Health and Well-being

ENDING

the

EPIDEMICS

Target 3.3: malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis & cholera

Emir Bosnak · Alperen Hacihaliloglu
Ege Sariibrahim · Omer Yigit Memis

Pre-faculty Section 3 · 10 November 2026

TARGET

3.3

by 2030

THE PLAN

4 speakers · about 4 minutes each

Introduction

the target & why it matters

Problems

4 diseases: causes & effects

Solutions

one for each disease

Comparison

3 criteria

Conclusion

our verdict & message

References

+ your questions

One problem and one solution per speaker.

3.3

Our target · SDG 3.3

“By 2030,

end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases.”

United Nations, 2015

the yellow ones = our 4 diseases

Why it matters

2.4M+

people died in one year from four diseases we already know how to treat.

Mostly in Africa and South Asia. Many are children.

All treatable.

Deaths in one year (2024 / 2025)

Tuberculosis — 1,230,000

Malaria — 610,000

HIV/AIDS — 570,000

Cholera — 7,870

tiny bar, but the highest since 1999!

that’s about 1 person every 13 seconds

Sources: WHO (2025c, 2025d, 2026c); UNAIDS (2026)

WHERE DO THEY HIT HARDEST?

areas are simplified!

Dotted world map with the four disease hotspots

1 MALARIA

Sub-Saharan Africa

Warm, wet climate · few nets, tests and vaccines · poverty and weak care

2 HIV/AIDS

Eastern & Southern Africa

Early, fast spread · poverty and inequality · gaps in testing and ART

3 TUBERCULOSIS

South & Southeast Asia

Crowded homes and cities · poverty and malnutrition · unfinished treatment

4 CHOLERA

Africa, Yemen, Afghanistan, Haiti

No safe water or toilets · war and displacement · floods and storms

Sources: WHO (2025a, 2025c, 2025d, 2026c); UNAIDS (2026)

EMIR (malaria): Look at the map. The orange area is where malaria is most common: Sub-Saharan Africa. Why there? The climate is warm and wet, so mosquitoes live all year. Many families do not have nets, tests or vaccines, and poverty and weak healthcare make it worse. ALPEREN (HIV): The red area is Eastern and Southern Africa, which has the highest HIV burden in the world. The virus spread early and fast, poverty and inequality make prevention hard, and there are still gaps in testing and treatment. EGE (TB): The teal area is South and Southeast Asia. Countries like India, Indonesia and the Philippines have many of the world's TB cases. TB spreads through the air, so crowded homes and cities are risky. Poverty and malnutrition weaken people's immune systems, and unfinished treatment keeps TB alive. OMER (cholera): The blue areas are mainly in Africa, Yemen, Afghanistan and Haiti. In these places there is often no safe water or toilets, and wars, displacement, floods and storms break the systems that exist. Now Emir will start with the problems, beginning with malaria.

presented by Emir

MALARIA

610,000

deaths in 2024 (WHO, 2025d)

WHY?

the causes

Lack of vaccines: very new, only in 17 countries

Poor care for pregnant women

Lack of education: no bed nets, still water stays

SO WHAT?

the effects

Child deaths: 3 in 4 are under age 5

Mothers & babies at risk: anaemia, low birth weight

Faster spread: 282 million cases in 2024

Source: WHO (2025d)

presented by Alperen

HIV/AIDS

570,000

deaths in 2025 (UNAIDS, 2026)

WHY?

the causes

Unawareness: many infected people don’t know

Passed from mother to child

No access to treatment, and the virus mutates fast

SO WHAT?

the effects

Relationships hurt by fear and stigma

Physical & mental health problems

Huge pressure on healthcare systems

Sources: UNAIDS (2025, 2026); WHO (2026b)

presented by Ege

tuberculosis

1.23 M

deaths in 2024 (WHO, 2025c)

WHY?

the causes

Poor access to healthcare & vaccines

Close contact: TB spreads through the air

Incomplete treatment: people stop the pills early

SO WHAT?

the effects

Serious breathing problems

Weight loss & weakness: can’t work or study

Death in severe or untreated cases

Source: WHO (2025c)

EGE: Thank you, Alperen. Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infection of the lungs. What are the causes? First, poor access to healthcare and vaccines, especially in poor countries. Second, close contact with infected people: TB spreads through the air when a sick person coughs, so crowded homes are dangerous. Third, incomplete treatment. A patient must take pills for six months, and many people stop early because they feel better. This creates drug-resistant TB, which means TB that normal medicines cannot kill. What are the effects? Patients have serious breathing problems, such as coughing blood and chest pain. They lose weight and become weak, so they cannot work or study, and their families become poorer. And in severe or untreated cases, they die: in 2024, 10.7 million people got sick and 1.23 million died. Now Omer will present cholera.

presented by Omer

CHOLERA

7,870

deaths in 2025, highest since 1999

WHY?

the causes

No safe drinking water

Poor sanitation: no toilets, no sewage

Wars and floods break the water systems

SO WHAT?

the effects

Severe dehydration from strong diarrhoea

Can kill within hours if untreated

Hospitals overwhelmed in big outbreaks

Sources: WHO (2025a, 2025b, 2026a, 2026c)

OUR SOLUTIONS

one for each disease

01 · MALARIA

Rwanda Community Health Workers

Rwanda Ministry of Health

— Emir

02 · HIV/AIDS

UNAIDS 95-95-95 Targets

UNAIDS, worldwide

— Alperen

03 · TUBERCULOSIS

PAN-TB Project

drug companies + non-profits

— Ege

04 · CHOLERA

Global Roadmap to 2030

GTFCC, led by WHO

— Omer

next: we compare them on effectiveness, geographic reach & capacity building

Solution 1 · Malaria · Rwanda

presented by Emir

The hospital comes to the village.

RWANDA’S COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS

TEST

rapid test at home

TREAT

medicine right away

PROTECT

bed nets for families

58,000

trained volunteers

elected in every village

1995

when it started

Malaria cases in Rwanda

5.0 M

2017

0.6 M

2023

0.8 M

2024

–88% by 2023!

…but up again in 2024

600

malaria deaths in Rwanda, from 2017 to 2023

59%

of cases are treated right in the village

Sources: Exemplars in Global Health (n.d.); Severe Malaria Observatory (n.d.); Xinhua (2024); KT Press (2024); The New Times (2025)

Solution 2 · HIV/AIDS · Worldwide

presented by Alperen

UNAIDS 95-95-95

Three targets for 2030, set in 2014.

ART = daily medicine against HIV
suppressed = can’t pass it on

95%

know their HIV status

2016: 70% · 2025: 88%

95%

are on treatment (ART)

2016: 53% · 2025: 78%

95%

have the virus suppressed

2016: 44% · 2025: 74%

striped = 2016 · red = growth to 2025 · line = 95% goal

–57% AIDS DEATHS

since 2010

7 COUNTRIES

already reached all three

Sources: UNAIDS (2014, 2017, 2025, 2026)

ALPEREN: The HIV solution is a global strategy. In 2014, UNAIDS, the United Nations agency for HIV, launched the 95-95-95 targets for 2030. The first 95 means that 95 percent of people with HIV should know their status, so they are tested. The second 95 means that 95 percent of them should receive antiretroviral therapy, or ART, a daily medicine that stops the virus from multiplying. The third 95 means that 95 percent of people on treatment should reach viral suppression, which means the virus is so low that it cannot be passed on. Has it worked? In 2016, only 70 percent knew their status, 53 percent were on treatment and 44 percent were suppressed. By 2025, these numbers had risen to 88, 78 and 74 percent. AIDS deaths have fallen by 57 percent since 2010, and seven African countries have already reached all three targets. Now Ege will present a very different solution.

Solution 3 · Tuberculosis · Science

presented by Ege

PAN-TB PROJECT

One set of drugs for every kind of TB, in 3 months instead of 6.

STILL IN PHASE 2

impact expected, not proven yet

2020

launched by GSK, J&J, Otsuka, TB Alliance & Gates MRI

2023

Phase 2 trial in South Africa, Philippines & Peru

2024

trial stopped early: the drugs were too slow

NOW

testing new drug combinations

TB drugs being tested: 2015 vs 2025

Sources: GSK (2020); Gates MRI (2022, n.d.); Treatment Action Group (2025); WHO (2025c)

EGE: My solution is a science project. PAN-TB was launched in 2020. It is a partnership between drug companies, such as GSK, Johnson & Johnson and Otsuka, and non-profits, such as TB Alliance and the Gates Medical Research Institute. They share their new molecules to build one combination of drugs. The goal is a universal regimen. A regimen is the set of drugs a patient takes. Universal means it works for both normal and drug-resistant TB, and it should take three months instead of six. The first trial started in South Africa in 2023, with sites in the Philippines and Peru. However, I must be honest: PAN-TB is still in Phase 2, which means the drugs are still being tested. In 2024 the trial was stopped early, because the new drugs did not kill the bacteria fast enough. The partners are now testing new combinations. So the impact is expected, not proven. Now Omer will present the cholera solution.

Solution 4 · Cholera · 47 countries

presented by Omer

CHOLERA ROADMAP 2030

A global plan by the GTFCC (50+ partners, led by WHO). Goal: 90% fewer deaths.

Every country writes a national cholera plan

Clean water and toilets in the hotspots

A vaccine you drink: the oral cholera vaccine

Cholera deaths reported to WHO

4,000

6,000

7,870

2023

2024

2025

going the WRONG way

national cholera plans

100M+

vaccine doses shipped since 2022

the tools are stronger…
but the roadmap isn’t winning yet

Sources: GTFCC (2017, 2025); WHO (2025b, 2026a, 2026c)

OMER: The cholera solution is a global plan which was published in 2017 by the GTFCC, the Global Task Force on Cholera Control, a network of more than 50 partners led by the WHO. The goal is to reduce cholera deaths by 90 percent by 2030. How does it work? First, each of the 47 affected countries writes a national cholera plan. Second, they build clean water and toilets in the hotspots, the areas where cholera keeps coming back. Third, they use the oral cholera vaccine, a vaccine that you drink. What has changed? Twenty-one countries have a national plan, and more than 100 million vaccine doses have been shipped since 2022. However, because of wars, floods and vaccine shortages, deaths actually increased: 4,000 in 2023, 6,000 in 2024 and 7,870 in 2025. So the tools are stronger, but the roadmap is not yet winning. Now Alperen will explain how we compared the solutions.

HOW DO THEY COMPARE?

3 criteria (chosen from 8)

RWANDA CHWs

UNAIDS 95-95-95

PAN-TB

CHOLERA ROADMAP

Effectiveness

Deaths 600 to 51

Deaths –57%

Not proven yet

Deaths rising

Geographic reach

1 country

Worldwide

3 countries

47 countries

Capacity building

58,000 trained

National systems

Few scientists

21 national plans

dots = our own rating · circled = best in that row

Sources: Xinhua (2024); UNAIDS (2014, 2026); TAG (2025); WHO (2026c); Gates MRI (n.d.); GTFCC (2017, 2025)

ALPEREN: In class we identified eight criteria, and we chose three. First, effectiveness, because the point of Target 3.3 is to reduce deaths. Second, geographic reach, because an epidemic does not stop at a border. Third, capacity building, because a solution lasts longer when local people have the skills. These are the criteria where our solutions differ the most. Ege will go through the table. EGE: Thank you. Let's look at the table. First row, effectiveness: Rwanda has the clearest result, deaths fell from 600 to 51. The HIV targets also work: deaths fell by 57 percent. The cholera roadmap has not reduced deaths yet, and PAN-TB has no proven effect. Second row, geographic reach: the order is the opposite. UNAIDS is worldwide, the cholera roadmap covers 47 countries, PAN-TB only three, and Rwanda one. Third row, capacity building: Rwanda trained 58,000 villagers, while the others mainly work through governments or scientists. So no solution is the best in every row. Emir will give our verdict.

AND THE WINNERS ARE...

MOST EFFECTIVE

Rwanda Community Health Workers

WIDEST REACH

UNAIDS 95-95-95

BEST CAPACITY BUILDING

Rwanda Community Health Workers

Rwanda wins twice!

Sources: Xinhua (2024); UNAIDS (2025); Severe Malaria Observatory (n.d.)

To sum up

Rwanda: local people can beat a disease

UNAIDS: clear global targets save lives

PAN-TB: science takes time

Cholera: a plan needs water, peace & money

WE HAVE THE TOOLS.

Now bring them to the last village.

Thank you!
Questions?

SOURCES

(1/3)

Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute. (2022, August 17). PAN-TB collaboration to advance investigational tuberculosis drug regimens to phase 2 clinical trials [Press release]. https://www.gatesmri.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/PAN-TB-JDA-Press-Release-August-17-2022.pdf

Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute. (n.d.). Overview of PAN-TB Ph 2b/c treatment shortening trial. https://www.gatesmri.org/overview-of-pan-tb-ph-2b-c-treatment-shortening-trial

Exemplars in Global Health. (n.d.). How did Rwanda implement? https://www.exemplars.health/topics/under-five-mortality/rwanda/how-did-rwanda-implement

Global Task Force on Cholera Control. (2017). Ending cholera: A global roadmap to 2030. World Health Organization. https://www.gtfcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ending-cholera-a-global-roadmap-to-2030.pdf

Global Task Force on Cholera Control. (2025). GTFCC progress report (January 2022 to December 2024): Executive summary. https://www.gtfcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/gtfcc-progress-report-2022-2024-executive-summary.pdf

GSK. (2020, February 27). First-of-its-kind global collaboration launched to develop transformative treatment regimens for tuberculosis [Press release]. https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/first-of-its-kind-global-collaboration-launched-to-develop-transformative-treatment-regimens-for-tuberculosis/

KT Press. (2024, April 20). How community health workers contributed to Rwanda's efforts to eradicate malaria. https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/04/how-community-health-workers-contributed-to-rwandas-efforts-to-eradicate-malaria/

Severe Malaria Observatory. (n.d.). Rwanda: Community-based management of malaria. https://www.severemalaria.org/countries/rwanda/rwanda-community-based-management-malaria

APA 7 style · shown during Q&A

SOURCES

(2/3)

The New Times. (2025, June 24). Rwanda's new malaria control strategy detects 30% more unreported cases. AllAfrica. https://allafrica.com/stories/202506240060.html

Treatment Action Group. (2025). Pipeline report 2025: Tuberculosis treatment. https://www.treatmentactiongroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/pipeline_TB_Treatment_2025_final.pdf

UNAIDS. (2014). Fast-Track: Ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. https://www.unaids.org/resources/documents/2014/JC2686_WAD2014report

UNAIDS. (2017). What's the difference? Understanding measures of progress towards 90-90-90. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/measures-progress-90-90-90.pdf

UNAIDS. (2025). 2025 global AIDS update: AIDS, crisis and the power to transform. https://unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2025/2025-global-aids-update

UNAIDS. (2026). Global HIV & AIDS statistics: Fact sheet 2026. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/2026-07/2026_UNAIDS_Global_HIV_Factsheet_en.pdf

United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1). https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda

World Health Organization. (2025a, September 12). Cholera kills more people for second consecutive year while prevention and treatment available [News release]. https://www.who.int/news/item/12-09-2025-cholera-kills-more-people-for-second-consecutive-year-while-prevention-and-treatment-available

APA 7 style · shown during Q&A

SOURCES

(3/3)

World Health Organization. (2025b). Global situation report for cholera, 2024. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 100(36), 347-364. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer10036-347-364

World Health Organization. (2025c). Global tuberculosis report 2025. https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2025

World Health Organization. (2025d). World malaria report 2025. https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025

World Health Organization. (2026a). Cholera [Fact sheet]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera

World Health Organization. (2026b, July 27). HIV and AIDS [Fact sheet]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids

World Health Organization. (2026c, September 29). WHO reports latest global trends in cholera, meningitis and plague [News release]. https://www.who.int/news/item/29-09-2026-who-reports-latest-global-trends-in-cholera--meningitis-and-plague

Xinhua. (2024, April 26). Rwanda reduces malaria cases by 88 pct in 7 years: Official. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2024/04/26/rwanda-reduces-malaria-cases-by-88-pct-in-7-years-official

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